Hi there,
I'm not sure what would cause you to not be able to post, but I'm glad you re-gained the ability!
The functionality you're seeing below is part of the theme. Aside posts are just that - a brief aside; they are not meant to appear just as a Standard post would, so on your timeline, the comments are only available by clicking through to the post page. You can get around this by ensuring that all your posts you would like to see comments for on the homepage (timeline) are in Standard format, rather than Aside (you can "save" Aside format for those posts where you don't expect many comments, perhaps).
I hope that helps you!